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Dikir barat (Jawi: دكير بارت; (タイ語:ลิเกบารัต); ) is a musical form, native to the Malay Peninsula, that involves singing in groups—often in a competitive setting. Dikir barat may be performed either with percussion instrumental accompaniment, or with no instruments at all. The dance is similar to Endang except with more clappings. The origins of ''dikir barat'' are not clear; it is found in both Thailand and Malaysia, and today the Malaysian government actively promotes it as an important part of Malaysian national culture.〔Malaysian Ministry of Information Portal. ( "National Dikir Barat Competition To Be Expanded Next Year" ), 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2009.〕 ==Description== ''Dikir barat'' is typically performed by groups of ten to fifteen members,〔The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk and Syncretic Traditions, authored by Patricia Ann Matusky and edited by Sooi Beng Tan, Ashgate Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7546-0831-8 (p.356-359) ()〕 though there is no actual set size,〔Musical Malaysia () Retrieved on 30 January 2009.〕 even in competitive environments. A group usually sits cross-legged on a platform, sometimes surrounded by the audience. Where the ''dikir barat'' is performed competitively, the two competing groups will both be on the stage at the same time.〔The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk and Syncretic Traditions, authored by Patricia Ann Matusky and edited by Sooi Beng Tan, Ashgate Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7546-0831-8 (p.356) http://books.google.com/books?id=x06nBdEkAOMC&pg=PA356&lpg=PA356&dq=Dikir+barat&source=web&ots=hiF7du-K-t&sig=Yws2D9QBsB36neKy52_e8UD3edw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result〕 In a typical ''dikir barat'' performance, the group will perform two segments. The first is led by the ''tok juara'',〔〔Sabah Daily.com; ("Dikir Barat With The ‘Endoro’ Touch", by Bernama ); retrieved on 30 January 2009.〕 who is often the person in charge of the musical training of the group. This first segment usually contains the more complex musical arrangements, and will likely feature the ''awok-awok'' (chorus) singing in unison with the ''tok juara'', as well as responsorial segments of singing, similar to what the ''tukang karut'' does with the ''awok-awok'', later in the performance. Though musically more complex than what will follow, the first segment is seen as the "low-key" segment of the performance.〔 The creative leader of a ''dikir barat'' group is the tukang karut.〔 The ''tukang karut'' (who is often himself a former ''tok juara'') is expected in his performance to utilise current social and political issues which will be relevant to the audience. His ability to do this helps to uphold the reputation of the ''dikir barat'' group. Leading the ''awok-awok'' during the second and concluding segment of the performance, the ''tukang karut'' sings ''pantuns''—most of which are likely original and improvised on the occasion of the performance, but some which may be known to the audience.〔"I" of the Storm; (The Many-Splendored Appeal of Dikir Barat ), retrieved on 30 January 2009〕 (Pantuns are an oral poetry form indigenous to the Malay region,〔Melayu.com (Patun: The Romance and the Laughter of the Archipelago ); retrieved 30 January 2009〕 and are not exclusive to the ''dikir barat''.) That the ''dikir barat'' uses pantuns does not mean that it is a performance of poetry. Like any poet, the ''tukang karut'' is expected to create lyrics that touch upon everyday life, but he can also address social issues, legal matters, politics, government regulations, and human foibles.〔 The tone can be satirical, sarcastic, or simply humorous, but above all it is expected that it be clever.〔 The ''tukang karut'' makes up and sings lyrics on the topic of the performance (which may be pre-established or simply the choice of the ''tukang karut''), and the ''awok-awok'' sings the same lyrics back to him. During the performance, members of the ''awok-awok'' clap and perform rhythmic body movements, which bring energy to the performance.〔(The magic touch of dikir barat )〕 Historically, dikir barat performances have been all-male. However, in recent years, especially with groups based in urban areas, female performers are beginning to appear.〔 While most musical instruments are excluded from ''dikir barat'', some groups to employ percussion instruments, including the rebana, maracas, or a shallow gong.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dikir barat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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